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En France, l'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), en relation avec l'Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS) et leurs homologues européens, coordonne depuis 1992, un réseau de surveillance épidémiologique de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (MCJ). Au total, cialis cialis generique 27 cas de vMCJ certains ou probables ont été identifiés en France au 31 mai 2013. À ce jour, tous sauf le dernier cas signalé en 2012 sont décédés. Transmission of scrapie by oral route: effect of gingival scarification.

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Electricity Spending Needs Model

From this page, you can estimate the spending needs for power infrastructure over the next decade in your country of choice, based on parameters of your choosing. The model is based on a 10-year horizon (2006 to 2015).

The electricity spending needs model is based on projections of power demand that include three components:
 
  • The power needed to satisfy suppressed demand that is unmet due to shortages.
  • The power needed to satisfy increased power demand (mainly from commercial and industrial users) attributable to anticipated economic growth.
  • The power needed to satisfy increased residential demand resulting from planned increases in electrification.
 
To estimate power demand, the model uses data based on historic consumption trends, incidence of blackouts, projections of economic growth, and official electrification targets.
 
Once the power demand envelope is determined, the model estimates the least cost expansion path for meeting that demand, based on a merit order of all power development projects that are available within Africa at the feasibility stage. The model automatically accounts for the necessary transmission and distribution infrastructure. Underlying the model is an extensive database related to infrastructure stocks and rehabilitation needs, fuel costs, investment and rehabilitation costs for a range of technologies and a list of potential hydropower projects for the region.
Two different scenarios are considered.
 
Trade stagnation: estimates the spending needed for each country to meet its own power demand through domestic power development alone, plus the limited amount of regional trade already available today.
 
Trade expansion: estimates the spending needed for each country assuming that power can be traded through the relevant regional power pool, facilitated by new cross-border transmission capacity wherever it is economically justified. The model is based on four regional pools: the Central Africa Power Pool (CAPP), the East Africa Power Pool expanded to include the Nile Basin (EAPP/NB), the Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP), and the West Africa Power Pool (WAPP). gdz

Electricity Spending Needs Model

How to use this model


           
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