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En France, l'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), en relation avec l'Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS) et leurs homologues européens, coordonne depuis 1992, un réseau de surveillance épidémiologique de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (MCJ). Au total, cialis cialis generique 27 cas de vMCJ certains ou probables ont été identifiés en France au 31 mai 2013. À ce jour, tous sauf le dernier cas signalé en 2012 sont décédés. Transmission of scrapie by oral route: effect of gingival scarification.

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Spending Needs

To build the infrastructure it needs to support growth and meet stated development goals, Africa will have to spend about $93 billion a year for a decade. Two-thirds of that sum would be for investments; the remaining third for maintenance.
AICD has produced detailed estimates of infrastructure spending needs for individual sectors and countries in Africa, taking into account new investments, the refurbishment of existing infrastructure, and ongoing operations and maintenance.

 

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Related Documents

Background Paper

Costing the Needs for Investment in ICT Infrastructure in Africa

Author/s: Rebecca Mayer, Ken Figueredo, Mike Jensen, Tim Kelly, Richard Green, and Alvaro Federico Barra
Large investments will be made in coming years to meet demand for telecommunications in Africa, but they will not yield universal coverage. This study reveals what private markets can be expected to finance and what will be left to the public sector.
[download, 3.92 MB]
Background Paper

Powering Up: Costing Power Infrastructure Investment Needs in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Orvika Rosnes and Haakon Vennemo
Huge investments are needed if Africa’s power sector is to keep up with economic development and population growth. Regionally traded hydropower may be the best way to cut costs while protecting against oil price increases and curbing emissions.
[download, 422.35 KB]
Background Paper

Improving Connectivity: Investing in Transport Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Robin Carruthers and Ranga Rajan Krishnamani with Siobhan Murray
Roads, rails, and airways connect firms to markets and individuals to schools, clinics, and jobs. The model used here allows national planners to compute the cost of developing a transport network to a desired level of social and economic connectivity.
[download, 139.38 KB]
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Key Messages

  • To close the infrastructure gap with other regions, meet the Millennium Development Goals, and achieve national targets in Sub-Saharan Africa within 10 years, an annual investment of $93 billion would be required
  • The burden of meeting these spending needs looks daunting for the region’s low-income countries, particularly the fragile states
  • The largest spending needs are those of the power sector in Sub-Saharan Africa—a staggering $41 billion per year
  • The annual spending needs of the region’s water and sanitation sector are $22 billion, much of it associated with meeting the Millennium Development Goals
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