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En France, l'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), en relation avec l'Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS) et leurs homologues européens, coordonne depuis 1992, un réseau de surveillance épidémiologique de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (MCJ). Au total, cialis cialis generique 27 cas de vMCJ certains ou probables ont été identifiés en France au 31 mai 2013. À ce jour, tous sauf le dernier cas signalé en 2012 sont décédés. Transmission of scrapie by oral route: effect of gingival scarification.

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Poverty and Inequality

Coverage of infrastructure services is lower in Africa than in other parts of the world and is skewed in favor of affluent households. Millions of poor households in Africa lack access to even the most basic infrastructure services, and universal access to modern services is 50 years away in most countries. AICD examined the extent to which African households can afford to pay for modern infrastructure services and whether African governments can afford to subsidize services for those who cannot afford them.
 

 

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Related Documents

Background Paper

Flagship Report Chapter- Dealing with Poverty and Inequality

[download, 472.76 KB]
Background Paper

Climbing the Ladder: The State of Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Elvira Morella, Vivien Foster, and Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee
In Sub-Saharan Africa traditional latrines are the most common and fastest-growing means of improved sanitation, although open defecation remains widespread, and sewer networks are rare. Several recent success stories relieve the otherwise bleak picture.
[download, 180.5 KB]
Working Paper

Crop Production and Road Connectivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Spatial Analysis

Author/s: Paul Dorosh, Hyoung-Gun Wang, Liang You, and Emily Schmidt
Agricultural production and proximity to urban markets are highly correlated. Production could be greatly increased in remote areas of Sub-Saharan Africa if transport costs (travel time) could be reduced.
[download, 1.01 MB]
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Key Messages

  • The extent of coverage of modern infrastructure services in Africa is very low by global standards—and it has not expanded since 1990
  • Although nonpayment is rampant, the costs of utility services do appear to be affordable for the relatively affluent households who enjoy access
  • Tariffs for power and water services are heavily subsidized in most African countries, yet these subsidies largely bypass the poor, who are not even connected to services
  • Those without access to infrastructure services rely largely on traditional solutions that are cheap but often risky or inferior. The adoption of intermediate options is surprisingly low
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