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En France, l'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), en relation avec l'Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS) et leurs homologues européens, coordonne depuis 1992, un réseau de surveillance épidémiologique de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (MCJ). Au total, cialis cialis generique 27 cas de vMCJ certains ou probables ont été identifiés en France au 31 mai 2013. À ce jour, tous sauf le dernier cas signalé en 2012 sont décédés. Transmission of scrapie by oral route: effect of gingival scarification.

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Institutional Reform

New roads, power plants, and irrigation systems will not yield lasting results without the right institutions and regulations. Sound sector policies, effective regulation, and greater competition are needed to ease Africa’s infrastructure constraints. Access, service quality, and operational efficiency—all are easier to achieve when relevant institutions function as they should. AICD examined various institutional models in use in Africa, efforts to strengthen institutions that affect infrastructure, and the effect of those efforts on the performance of providers of infrastructure services.
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Related Documents

Background Paper

Flagship Report Chapter- Building Sound Institutions

[download, 513.95 KB]
Background Paper

Air Transport: Challenges to Growth

Author/s: Heinrich C. Bofinger
Air links in Africa are shrinking as oil prices rise and shaky carriers fail. Physical infrastructure is not the main problem. Regional cooperation and better national oversight are needed to improve safety and ensure continued service to poor countries.
[download, 150.73 KB]
Working Paper

Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the Main International Corridors

Author/s: Supee Teravaninthorn and Gaël Raballand
Poor road conditions are not the sole cause of high transport prices in Africa. Lack of competition, misdirected regulation, and border delays are at least as influential. Matters are worst in West and Central Africa, where trucking cartels are dominant.
[download, 1.67 MB]
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Key Messages

  • Africa’s institutional framework for infrastructure is no more than halfway along the path to best practice
  • Private sector participation in infrastructure has had a difficult history in Africa, but in some sectors it has led to significant investment and performance improvements
  • Reforming governance of dominant state-owned enterprises is a high priority, and incentive-based performance contracts and external audits appear to be effective measures
  • Developing independent regulatory agencies in Africa has been challenging, and to date there is little evidence of a positive impact on performance
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