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En France, l'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), en relation avec l'Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS) et leurs homologues européens, coordonne depuis 1992, un réseau de surveillance épidémiologique de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (MCJ). Au total, cialis cialis generique 27 cas de vMCJ certains ou probables ont été identifiés en France au 31 mai 2013. À ce jour, tous sauf le dernier cas signalé en 2012 sont décédés. Transmission of scrapie by oral route: effect of gingival scarification.

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Efficiency Gap

Africa already devotes significant resources to infrastructure, but not all of those resources are being effectively used. Large sums are lost to inefficiency. By comparing Africa with international best practice, AICD quantified the major inefficiencies and identified policy measures to redress them. Key measures include prioritizing budget allocations, raising budget execution, improving revenue collection, reducing overstaffing, increasing cost recovery, ensuring adequate maintenance, and reducing distribution losses. Those steps could cut Africa’s infrastructure spending requirements by $17 billion each year.

 

 

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Related Documents

Executive Summary

Financing Public Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa: Patterns, Issues, and Options (Executive Summary)

Author/s: Cecilia Briceño-G., Karlis Smits, and Vivien Foster
Public spending for infrastructure in Africa falls far short of the amounts needed. But more resources can be made available be reallocating spending, fully executing budgets, spending more on maintenance, and cutting operating losses and inefficiencies.
[download, 152.19 KB]
Working Paper

Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the Main International Corridors

Author/s: Supee Teravaninthorn and Gaël Raballand
Poor road conditions are not the sole cause of high transport prices in Africa. Lack of competition, misdirected regulation, and border delays are at least as influential. Matters are worst in West and Central Africa, where trucking cartels are dominant.
[download, 1.67 MB]
Background Paper

Underpowered: The State of the Power Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Anton Eberhard, Vivien Foster, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Fatimata Ouedraogo, Daniel Camos, and Maria Shkaratan
Sub-Saharan Africa’s power generating capacity is far lower than that of any other region, and growth in generation and electrification has stagnated. The crisis points to deeper problems in power sector institutions.
[download, 147.04 KB]
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Key Messages

  • Africa’s infrastructure providers waste $7.5 billion a year on inefficiencies such as overstaffing, distribution losses, undercollection of revenue, and poor maintenance.
  • Owing to social and political pressures, infrastructure services are typically sold at prices well below the full capital costs of production, a habit with a price tag of $4.7 billion a year.
  • Although funding for infrastructure falls short, some countries appear to be over-funding some forms of infrastructure by as much as $3.3 billion a year.
  • More thorough execution of capital budgets could raise effective investment in infrastructure by $1.9 billion a year.
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