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En France, l'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), en relation avec l'Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS) et leurs homologues européens, coordonne depuis 1992, un réseau de surveillance épidémiologique de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (MCJ). Au total, cialis cialis generique 27 cas de vMCJ certains ou probables ont été identifiés en France au 31 mai 2013. À ce jour, tous sauf le dernier cas signalé en 2012 sont décédés. Transmission of scrapie by oral route: effect of gingival scarification.

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Water Supply

Universal access to safe water remains elusive in Africa, and the continent is unlikely to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for access to improved sources of water. What is the price tag for moving closer to universal access? To meet the MDGs, Africa would have to spend $15 billion annually, far more than the current spending of $3.6 billion. Underpricing of water and the operating inefficiencies of utilities deprive the region of about $3.7 billion in revenues each year and prevent water from being made available to the poor. But even with improvements in efficiency and cost recovery, the water sector will still confront a sizable funding gap. That gap could be narrowed through the use of simpler forms of water supply and by reallocating subsidies so that they benefit only the neediest households.
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Related Documents

Background Paper

Flagship Report Chapter- Water Supply: Hitting the Target?

[download, 719.05 KB]
Background Paper

Ebbing Water, Surging Deficits: Urban Water Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Sudeshna Banerjee, Heather Skilling, Vivien Foster, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Elvira Morella, and Tarik Chfadi
Sub-Saharan Africa trails other regions in access to improved water sources, imperiling public health. In urban Africa, piped water coverage has slipped, as urbanization outpaces the capacity of utilities to expand. Reforms have had mixed results.
[download, 271.44 KB]
Executive Summary

Urban Water Supply Sector Review (Executive Summary)

Author/s: Sudeshna Banerjee, Heather Skilling, Vivien Foster, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Elvira Morella, and Tarik Chfadi
Sub-Saharan Africa trails other regions in access to improved water sources, imperiling public health. In urban Africa, piped water coverage has slipped, as urbanization outpaces the capacity of utilities to expand. Reforms have had mixed results.
[download, 223.47 KB]

Key Messages

  • In rural areas, the central challenge is to reduce reliance on surface water through a network of sustainable water access points. Here, recent institutional reforms seem to be working.
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