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Ses statuts sont fondés sur ceux de l'Académie royale de chirurgie (1731) et http://medicamentsen-ligne.com/ cialis de la Société royale de médecine (1776). L'Académie de médecine, de royale, devint impériale de 1851 à 1870, puis nationale à partir du 1er mars 1947. Elle sera en outre chargée de continuer les travaux de la Société royale de médecine et de l'Académie royale de chirurgie : elle s'occupera de tous les objets d'étude ou de recherches qui peuvent contribuer au progrès des différentes branches de l'art de guérir.

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Transport

Multimodal transport—whereby roads, railways, airlines, and shipping operate in harmony—can contribute significantly to growth and productivity if the modalities are well integrated. In Africa, unfortunately, integration is not the rule. AICD found that corrupt customs administration and restrictions on entry into transport markets are blocking the development of multimodal transport. These and other impediments delay freight, raise the costs of moving international freight, and compromise the logistical systems on which global trade depends. Transportation costs increase the prices of African goods by a whopping 75 percent.

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Related Documents

Africa's Transport Infrastructure: Mainstreaming, Maintenance and Management

Author/s: Ken Gwilliam
Transport infrastructure is a key requirement for economic growth. In Africa today, networks are sparse, conditions poor, transit slow and accident rates high. More investment is necessary but will not of itself be sufficient. Unless it is accompanied by increased allocation of funds for maintenance and by substantial improvements in system management, high transport costs will remain a serious impediment to growth.
[download, 10.83 MB]
Background Paper

Flagship Report Chapter- Transport: More Than the Sum of Its Parts

[download, 195.21 KB]
Executive Summary

Urban Transport Sector Review (Executive Summary)

Author/s: Ajay Kumar and Fanny Barrett
Africa’s urban commuters cope with unregulated and informal services that are unsafe, uncomfortable, and unreliable. Their cities must move quickly toward the model of the metropolitan transport authority used in successful cities around the globe.
[download, 137.66 KB]
more

Key Messages

  • Poor linkages among transport modes in Africa cause long delays and raise costs in the movement of international freight
  • Logistical services are in their infancy in Africa, and their development is impeded by administrative, regulatory, and governance barriers
  • Landlocked countries are the most affected by these issues—hence the growing movement toward regional collaboration to facilitate trade along key transport corridors
  • Improving the efficiency of transport services calls for a liberalized transportation market that extends a greater role to the private sector
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