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Ses statuts sont fondés sur ceux de l'Académie royale de chirurgie (1731) et http://medicamentsen-ligne.com/ cialis de la Société royale de médecine (1776). L'Académie de médecine, de royale, devint impériale de 1851 à 1870, puis nationale à partir du 1er mars 1947. Elle sera en outre chargée de continuer les travaux de la Société royale de médecine et de l'Académie royale de chirurgie : elle s'occupera de tous les objets d'étude ou de recherches qui peuvent contribuer au progrès des différentes branches de l'art de guérir.

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Sanitation

 At current rates of progress, Africa is unlikely to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to cut in half the share of the population that lives without improved sanitation. Encouraging advances have been made in some areas, notably in expanding access to improved latrines. But more than 60 percent of Africa’s population still lacks access to modern sanitation. To meet the international sanitation goal, the region would have to allot an estimated 0.9 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) annually to the sector—more than two-thirds for new investments and the rest for maintenance. explored different policy options for widening access to improved sanitation and determined that solutions must be closely tailored to each country’s circumstances.

 


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Related Documents

Background Paper

Climbing the Ladder: The State of Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Elvira Morella, Vivien Foster, and Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee
In Sub-Saharan Africa traditional latrines are the most common and fastest-growing means of improved sanitation, although open defecation remains widespread, and sewer networks are rare. Several recent success stories relieve the otherwise bleak picture.
[download, 180.5 KB]
Background Paper

Flagship Report Chapter- Sanitation: Moving Up the Ladder

[download, 479.7 KB]
Executive Summary

Sanitation Sector Review (Executive Summary)

Author/s: Elvira Morella, Vivien Foster, and Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee
In Sub-Saharan Africa traditional latrines are the most common and fastest-growing means of improved sanitation, although open defecation remains widespread, and sewer networks are rare. Several recent success stories relieve the otherwise bleak picture.
[download, 696.59 KB]

Key Messages

  • Today, a third of Africans still practice open defecation, and half rely on traditional latrines, the health effects of which are largely unknown
  • The sanitation challenge takes a variety of forms in different countries, as well as across urban and rural settings—these differences call for different policy responses
  • Where open defecation remains prevalent, the policy focus needs to be on education to encourage people to build and use a latrine
  • Where traditional latrines are already prevalent, the central policy challenge is to encourage people to upgrade to improved models
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