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Ses statuts sont fondés sur ceux de l'Académie royale de chirurgie (1731) et http://medicamentsen-ligne.com/ cialis de la Société royale de médecine (1776). L'Académie de médecine, de royale, devint impériale de 1851 à 1870, puis nationale à partir du 1er mars 1947. Elle sera en outre chargée de continuer les travaux de la Société royale de médecine et de l'Académie royale de chirurgie : elle s'occupera de tous les objets d'étude ou de recherches qui peuvent contribuer au progrès des différentes branches de l'art de guérir.

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Ports

Since the mid-1990s, general and containerized cargo passing through Africa’s ports has tripled in volume. Further growth will require additional investments, however, as port efficiency and performance remain well below international standards. Even though ports have been largely deregulated, many African countries maintain high port tariffs that discourage traffic and increase costs. Other operational and regulatory bottlenecks also slow traffic through Africa’s ports. Many are not large enough to attract direct calls from international shipping lines, underscoring the importance of developing regional transshipment hubs. Policy solutions include adopting a landlord port system that embodies international best practices.
 

 


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Related Documents

Background Paper

Flagship Report Chapter- Ports and Shipping: Landlords Needed

[download, 916.41 KB]
Background Paper

Beyond the Bottlenecks: Ports in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Ocean Shipping Consultants, Ltd.
Sub-Saharan Africa has many ports, most small, inefficient, and ill-equipped for new patterns of trade and shipping. Momentum for change is coming from the growing presence of global shipping lines and international terminal operators in African ports.
[download, 1 MB]
Executive Summary

Ports Sector Review (Executive Summary)

Author/s: Ocean Shipping Consultants, Ltd.
Sub-Saharan Africa has many ports, most small, inefficient, and ill-equipped for new patterns of trade and shipping. Momentum for change is coming from the growing presence of global shipping lines and international terminal operators in African ports.
[download, 376.01 KB]

Key Messages

  • Over the last decade, the volume of general and containerized cargo moving through Africa’s ports has tripled, but further growth in container traffic will require additional investments
  • Too many ports handle Africa’s maritime trade traffic—few of them large enough to attract major shipping lines
  • Many ports are poorly equipped and inefficiently operated, falling well short of international best practice
  • Turning port performance around will require institutional reforms
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