Air transport has grown strongly in Africa in recent years. The availability of air freight services, in particular, has helped boost exports; however, air transport in Africa is expensive, connections are patchy, and safety is a problem. Landing charges are high owing to the absence of support from concessions enjoyed in many parts of the world. Operating costs have soared with fuel prices, choking off air connections in many countries. Air traffic control requires major upgrades to improve the continent’s baleful safety record. Policy challenges include strengthening regulatory oversight and achieving full liberalization of the air transport sector.