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Ses statuts sont fondés sur ceux de l'Académie royale de chirurgie (1731) et http://medicamentsen-ligne.com/ cialis de la Société royale de médecine (1776). L'Académie de médecine, de royale, devint impériale de 1851 à 1870, puis nationale à partir du 1er mars 1947. Elle sera en outre chargée de continuer les travaux de la Société royale de médecine et de l'Académie royale de chirurgie : elle s'occupera de tous les objets d'étude ou de recherches qui peuvent contribuer au progrès des différentes branches de l'art de guérir.

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With many small, isolated economies, Africa’s economic geography poses particular challenges for the development of infrastructure

Themes >> Regional Integration >> Key Message

Sub-Saharan Africa has 48 countries, most with small populations. More than 20 countries have a population of fewer than five million. Economies are also very small: 20 countries have a gross domestic product of less than $5 billion. Small scale makes it difficult for governments to fund the large fixed costs associated with infrastructure development. In addition, borders further complicate infrastructure development: Africa’s 15 landlocked countries depend on their neighbors for access to global markets; 60 African river basins are shared by more than one country, and half of these cross three or more national jurisdictions.

Infrastructure sharing addresses the problems of small scale and adverse location, increasing the scale of infrastructure construction, operation, and maintenance—particularly important in the information and communication technology (ICT) and power sectors. Joint provision reduces costs, pools scarce technical and managerial capacity, and creates a larger market. Airports and seaports that are organized as regional hubs can become large enough to attract airline and shipping services from beyond the continent.

Some regional infrastructure investments, such as many types of transport investments, provide public goods or facilitate access to a common pooled resource, as with water resource management for irrigation and other uses. Coordinated management and investment allows countries to get the most out of such multi-country infrastructure systems.
 


           
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