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Ses statuts sont fondés sur ceux de l'Académie royale de chirurgie (1731) et http://medicamentsen-ligne.com/ cialis de la Société royale de médecine (1776). L'Académie de médecine, de royale, devint impériale de 1851 à 1870, puis nationale à partir du 1er mars 1947. Elle sera en outre chargée de continuer les travaux de la Société royale de médecine et de l'Académie royale de chirurgie : elle s'occupera de tous les objets d'étude ou de recherches qui peuvent contribuer au progrès des différentes branches de l'art de guérir.

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AICD Documents: Institutional Reform

Background Paper

Flagship Report Chapter- Building Sound Institutions

[download, 513.95 KB]
Background Paper

Air Transport: Challenges to Growth

Author/s: Heinrich C. Bofinger
Air links in Africa are shrinking as oil prices rise and shaky carriers fail. Physical infrastructure is not the main problem. Regional cooperation and better national oversight are needed to improve safety and ensure continued service to poor countries.
[download, 150.73 KB]
Working Paper

Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the Main International Corridors

Author/s: Supee Teravaninthorn and Gaël Raballand
Poor road conditions are not the sole cause of high transport prices in Africa. Lack of competition, misdirected regulation, and border delays are at least as influential. Matters are worst in West and Central Africa, where trucking cartels are dominant.
[download, 1.67 MB]
Background Paper

Underpowered: The State of the Power Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Anton Eberhard, Vivien Foster, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Fatimata Ouedraogo, Daniel Camos, and Maria Shkaratan
Sub-Saharan Africa’s power generating capacity is far lower than that of any other region, and growth in generation and electrification has stagnated. The crisis points to deeper problems in power sector institutions.
[download, 147.04 KB]
Background Paper

Beyond the Bottlenecks: Ports in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Ocean Shipping Consultants, Ltd.
Sub-Saharan Africa has many ports, most small, inefficient, and ill-equipped for new patterns of trade and shipping. Momentum for change is coming from the growing presence of global shipping lines and international terminal operators in African ports.
[download, 1 MB]
Background Paper

Information and Communications Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Sector Review

Author/s: Michael Minges, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Mark Williams, Mavis Ampah, Daniel Camos, and Maria Shkratan
Africa’s wireless revolution has brought voice telecom services to hundreds of millions of Africans, but Internet access remains narrow. Flexible retail packages ease access despite relatively high prices; monopolies, taxes, and duties restrict it.
[download, 0.98 MB]

Stuck in Traffic: Urban Transport in Africa

Author/s: Ajay Kumar and Fanny Barrett
Africa’s urban commuters cope with unregulated and informal services that are unsafe, uncomfortable, and unreliable. Their cities must move quickly toward the model of the metropolitan transport authority used in successful cities around the globe.
[download, 137.66 KB]
Working Paper

Water Reforms in Senegal: A Micro-Macro Analysis of the Effects on Poverty and Distribution

Author/s: Dorothée Boccanfuso, Antonio Estache, and Luc Savard
Most of the gains from Senegal’s water utility reforms accrued to the wealthy, while the poor saw no changes or suffered losses as the water network was extended. Transfer programs are needed to protect the poor from the effects of price increases..
[download, 205.17 KB]
Background Paper

Ebbing Water, Surging Deficits: Urban Water Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author/s: Sudeshna Banerjee, Heather Skilling, Vivien Foster, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Elvira Morella, and Tarik Chfadi
Sub-Saharan Africa trails other regions in access to improved water sources, imperiling public health. In urban Africa, piped water coverage has slipped, as urbanization outpaces the capacity of utilities to expand. Reforms have had mixed results.
[download, 271.44 KB]
Working Paper

Electricity Reforms in Mali: A Micro–Macro Analysis of the Effects on Poverty and Distribution

Author/s: Dorothée Boccanfuso, Antonio Estache, and Luc Savard
Higher prices under Mali’s power concession are likely to have negative general-equilibrium effects on households, firms (except the utility), and the government. Compensatory transfers to the poor may not work, however, owing to price and wage effects.
[download, 237.25 KB]
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